Brunei, officially known as the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace, is a small country located on the northern coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by the South China Sea to the north and shares land borders with the Malaysian state of Sarawak to the west and south. With a population of just over 460,000, Brunei is one of the smallest countries in the world in terms of both area and population. The country is known for its vast reserves of oil and natural gas, which have allowed it to become one of the wealthiest nations in the world on a per capita basis. Despite its small size, Brunei has a rich cultural heritage, with a unique blend of Malay, Chinese, and indigenous influences.

ABOUT

Brunei, officially known as Brunei Darussalam, is a small but prosperous country located on the northern coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. It is entirely surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak and is divided into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang. Brunei is an absolute monarchy with the Sultan of Brunei, Hassanal Bolkiah, serving as both the head of state and the head of government.

At its height, the Bruneian Empire, ruled by Sultan Bolkiah, is said to have controlled much of Borneo, including modern-day Sarawak and Sabah, as well as the Sulu Archipelago and islands off the northwest tip of Borneo. However, the empire began to decline in the 19th century, with the cession of Sarawak to James Brooke and Sabah to the British North Borneo Chartered Company. In 1888, Brunei became a British protectorate and gained independence on 1 January 1984.

Brunei’s economy is highly dependent on its oil and natural gas reserves, which have enabled it to become an industrialized country with high standards of living. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Brunei has one of the highest gross domestic product per capita at purchasing power parity in the world. The country also has the second-highest Human Development Index among Southeast Asian nations, after Singapore. Brunei has implemented a combination of English common law and sharia law, as well as general Islamic practices.

NAME AND ETYMOLOGY

According to local history, Brunei was founded by Awang Alak Betatar, who later became Sultan Muhammad Shah, around AD 1400. He moved from Garang in the Temburong District to the Brunei River estuary and discovered Brunei. Legend has it that upon landing, he exclaimed “Baru nah,” loosely translated as “that’s it!” or “there,” from which the name “Brunei” was derived. Before the rise of the Bruneian Empire under the Muslim Bolkiah Dynasty, Brunei is believed to have been under the rule of Buddhist rulers.

In the 14th century, Brunei was renamed “Barunai,” possibly influenced by the Sanskrit word “varuṇ,” meaning “seafarers.” The word “Borneo” has the same origin. The country’s full name, Negara Brunei Darussalam, means “abode of peace” in Arabic, while negara means “country” in Malay. A shortened version of the name, “Brunei Darussalam,” is commonly used in official contexts and is present in the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names geographical database, as well as the official ASEAN and Commonwealth listings.

The earliest recorded documentation by the West about Brunei was made by an Italian traveler named Ludovico di Varthema, on his documentation back to 1550.

HISTORY

Brunei has a long and rich history, with evidence of early human settlement dating back to the 6th century. The early Bruneian state was believed to have been a Buddhist kingdom, with Chinese records dating back to the 3rd century AD describing a polity called “Puni” located on the island of Borneo.

The first Muslim ruler of Brunei was Sultan Muhammad Shah, who is believed to have founded the Bruneian Empire around the year 1400. Under the rule of Sultan Bolkiah (reigned 1485–1528), the empire reached its peak and controlled most of Borneo, as well as parts of present-day Sabah, Sarawak, and the Sulu Archipelago in the Philippines.

During the 19th century, the Bruneian Empire began to decline. In 1841, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II signed a treaty with the British, granting them the right to establish a trading post in Brunei. In 1888, Brunei became a British protectorate, with a British resident appointed to oversee the country’s affairs.

During World War II, Brunei was occupied by the Japanese, but it was later liberated by Australian forces in 1945. After the war, the British resumed their control of Brunei, but preparations for independence began in the 1950s.

Brunei gained its independence as a sovereign state on January 1, 1984, and became a member of the United Nations. The country is currently an absolute monarchy, with the Sultan of Brunei serving as the head of state and government. Brunei has experienced significant economic growth in recent decades, driven primarily by its petroleum and natural gas industries. The country has also made strides in improving its infrastructure and promoting tourism.

GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

Brunei is an absolute monarchy, where the Sultan of Brunei serves as the head of state and head of government. The current Sultan, Hassanal Bolkiah, has been in power since 1967. The Sultan has complete control over the government, judiciary, and armed forces. There is no elected parliament or political parties, and all decisions are made by the Sultan and his appointed advisors.

The legal system in Brunei is a combination of English common law, Islamic law, and local customs. Sharia law has been implemented in the country since 2014, and it applies to both Muslims and non-Muslims. Punishments for crimes under Sharia law can include fines, imprisonment, and even amputation or stoning.

Brunei is divided into four districts, each headed by a district officer appointed by the Sultan. The districts are further divided into sub-districts and villages. The Sultan also appoints a council of ministers to advise him on government matters. The council is made up of several ministries, including finance, foreign affairs, defense, and education.

Brunei is a member of several international organizations, including the United Nations, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The country has also developed close ties with neighboring Malaysia and Singapore. Despite its small size and limited political freedoms, Brunei has been relatively stable and prosperous under the rule of the Sultan.

ECONOMY

Brunei’s economy is heavily dependent on its oil and natural gas reserves, which have made it one of the wealthiest nations in Southeast Asia. The oil and gas sector accounts for over 90% of its total exports and more than half of its GDP.

The government of Brunei has implemented policies to diversify its economy and reduce its reliance on oil and gas, with a focus on developing the services and tourism sectors. The country has made efforts to attract foreign investment and has established a number of economic zones to encourage industrial development.

Brunei has a small, open economy with a high standard of living and a well-educated workforce. Its GDP per capita is one of the highest in the world, and the country has a comprehensive welfare system that provides free education and healthcare to its citizens. The government has also implemented policies to promote sustainable development and protect the environment, including the establishment of a national conservation area in the rainforest.

Despite its efforts to diversify, Brunei’s economy remains vulnerable to fluctuations in global oil and gas prices. In recent years, the government has undertaken measures to reduce its dependence on oil and gas exports and promote economic diversification, including increasing investment in infrastructure and technology, developing the halal industry, and promoting tourism.

GEOGRAPHY

Brunei is a small country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by the Malaysian state of Sarawak to the north and surrounds the Malaysian state of Limbang. It has a total land area of approximately 5,765 square kilometers, making it the 162nd largest country in the world. Brunei has a coastline of about 161 kilometers along the South China Sea.

The country has a tropical climate with high humidity and temperatures that range from 23°C to 32°C throughout the year. Brunei is largely covered by dense rainforest, and its terrain is mostly flat with a few hills. The highest point in Brunei is Bukit Pagon, which stands at 1,850 meters above sea level.

Brunei has several rivers, the most significant of which is the Brunei River, which flows through the capital city, Bandar Seri Begawan. Other major rivers include the Belait, Tutong, and Temburong rivers. The country also has several islands off its coast, including Pulau Muara Besar, Pulau Ranggu, Pulau Selirong, and Pulau Berambang.

Despite its small size, Brunei has a diverse range of flora and fauna, including several endemic species such as the Brunei River carp and the Black-banded rainbowfish. The country has a number of protected areas, including Ulu Temburong National Park, Bukit Shahbandar Forest Reserve, and Tasek Merimbun Heritage Park. These areas are home to a variety of wildlife, including proboscis monkeys, Bornean orangutans, and several species of birds.

TRANSPORT

Brunei has a well-developed transportation infrastructure that includes roadways, airports, and ports. The country has a well-maintained network of highways and roads, which are primarily used for transportation within the country. The road network connects all the major towns and cities of the country.

Brunei has two airports, Brunei International Airport located in the capital city of Bandar Seri Begawan, and the other is the Anduki Airfield in Seria. Brunei International Airport is the main airport and serves both domestic and international flights. Royal Brunei Airlines is the national flag carrier and operates regular flights to several international destinations, including Dubai, London, Singapore, and Melbourne.

In terms of sea transport, Brunei has one major port, the Muara Port, which is located on the Brunei River estuary. The port is capable of handling containerized and bulk cargo and serves as an important hub for both domestic and international trade. It is also a popular destination for cruise ships.

Public transportation within Brunei is limited to buses, taxis, and ride-hailing services. Buses are the most affordable mode of public transportation, and the bus network connects most of the major towns and cities of the country. Taxis and ride-hailing services are also available but are relatively expensive compared to buses.

INDUSTRY SECTORS

Brunei’s economy is dominated by the oil and gas sector, which accounts for around 90% of the country’s export earnings. The government of Brunei owns and controls most of the country’s oil and gas reserves, and it is the largest employer in the country. The oil and gas industry has made Brunei one of the wealthiest nations in the world on a per capita basis.

In recent years, the government has made efforts to diversify the economy and reduce its reliance on the oil and gas sector. The country has invested in developing its tourism industry, promoting its natural attractions and cultural heritage. The government has also encouraged the development of the halal industry, positioning Brunei as a hub for the production and export of halal goods and services.

Other sectors that have potential for growth in Brunei include agriculture, fisheries, and forestry. The government has implemented policies to support these sectors and promote local food production. There are also opportunities for the development of the manufacturing sector, particularly in areas such as petrochemicals, food processing, and electronics.

Overall, Brunei’s economy is small and relatively closed, with limited opportunities for foreign investment. The government plays a significant role in the economy, and regulations and policies can make it difficult for businesses to operate in the country. However, Brunei’s strong fiscal position, stable political environment, and strategic location in Southeast Asia make it an attractive destination for investors looking to enter the ASEAN market.

DEMOGRAPHICS

Brunei has a population of approximately 459,500 people as of 2021. The ethnic makeup of the country is primarily Malay (about 65%), followed by Chinese (about 10%), and indigenous groups such as the Iban and Dayak (about 25%). Islam is the predominant religion in Brunei, with around 78% of the population being Muslim. Other religions practiced in the country include Buddhism, Christianity, and animism.

The official language of Brunei is Malay, but English and Chinese are also widely spoken. The literacy rate in Brunei is very high, with almost 96% of the population being literate.

The population of Brunei is relatively young, with a median age of around 32 years. Life expectancy is also high, with an average of around 77 years. The population growth rate is low, at approximately 0.8% per year.

EDUCATION

Education is highly valued in Brunei, with the government allocating a significant portion of its annual budget to the education sector. The literacy rate in Brunei is close to 96%, which is one of the highest in Southeast Asia.

The education system in Brunei follows the British model and is divided into six years of primary education, followed by five years of secondary education and two years of post-secondary education. The post-secondary education system includes technical and vocational education and training (TVET) as well as higher education.

There are several institutions of higher education in Brunei, including Universiti Brunei Darussalam (UBD), which is the country’s only university. UBD offers undergraduate and graduate degree programs in various fields, including business, science, engineering, and arts.

Other higher education institutions in Brunei include Institut Teknologi Brunei (ITB), which specializes in engineering and technology programs, and Laksamana College of Business (LCB), which offers diploma and degree programs in business and management.

Education is free for citizens of Brunei, including textbooks and other educational materials. There are also several scholarship programs available for Bruneian students to study abroad.

Overall, the education system in Brunei is highly regarded and produces a skilled and educated workforce that contributes to the country’s economic growth and development.

HEALTHCARE

Brunei has a well-developed healthcare system that provides free healthcare services to all citizens and permanent residents. The Ministry of Health is responsible for the country’s healthcare system, and there are several public hospitals and clinics located throughout the country.

In addition to the public healthcare system, there are also several private medical facilities that offer specialized services. The government regulates private medical facilities to ensure that they meet certain standards and provide quality care.

Brunei also has a National Health Promotion Centre that aims to promote healthy lifestyles and prevent non-communicable diseases (NCDs) through education and awareness programs. The country has made significant progress in reducing the prevalence of NCDs such as diabetes and hypertension.

The COVID-19 pandemic has also highlighted the country’s preparedness and response to public health emergencies. Brunei has managed to control the spread of the virus through early detection, testing, and contact tracing measures, as well as implementing strict public health protocols such as mask-wearing and social distancing. Vaccination is also available to all eligible individuals in the country.

CULTURE

Brunei’s culture is a blend of Malay traditions and Islamic influences. The country’s official religion is Islam, and this plays a significant role in its cultural practices. One of the most prominent cultural events in Brunei is Hari Raya Aidilfitri, which marks the end of Ramadan, the month of fasting in Islam.

In addition to religious festivals, Brunei also celebrates the Sultan’s birthday on July 15th with a colorful parade and traditional performances. Traditional Malay music and dance are also an important part of Bruneian culture, with the gamelan ensemble and the zapin dance being particularly popular.

Brunei is also known for its traditional handicrafts, including woven baskets, mats, and cloth, as well as silverwork and brassware. The Tamu Kianggeh market in Bandar Seri Begawan is a popular place to purchase these crafts and other local products.

As a predominantly Muslim country, Brunei follows conservative social norms, and visitors are expected to respect these customs. Alcohol is strictly prohibited, and dress codes are enforced in public places, with women expected to cover their heads and wear modest clothing.

NATURAL RESOURCES

Brunei is well known for its natural resources, particularly oil and gas. The country has significant reserves of oil and gas, and the industry plays a dominant role in its economy. Brunei is one of the largest oil producers in Southeast Asia and has been a member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) since 2007.

Aside from oil and gas, Brunei has other natural resources including timber, fish, and minerals such as coal, gold, and silica. However, the extraction of these resources is limited and not a significant contributor to the country’s economy.

Brunei also has a rich biodiversity and is home to a number of protected areas, including rainforests and coral reefs. The country has made efforts to conserve its natural resources and has implemented policies to protect its forests, wildlife, and marine ecosystems. Brunei is also known for its agricultural products, including rice, fruits, and vegetables, which are mainly produced for domestic consumption.

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

Brunei is committed to preserving its natural environment and has implemented various policies and initiatives to address environmental issues. The country is a signatory to several international environmental agreements, such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification.

One of the main environmental challenges faced by Brunei is deforestation. The country has lost significant areas of forest due to logging, agricultural expansion, and urbanization. In response, the government has implemented policies to protect and conserve its remaining forest areas, including the establishment of protected areas and the implementation of sustainable forest management practices.

Another significant environmental issue in Brunei is air pollution. The country’s reliance on the oil and gas industry has led to high levels of air pollution, particularly in urban areas. The government has implemented measures to improve air quality, such as the adoption of stricter vehicle emission standards and the promotion of public transportation.

Brunei is also vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, such as rising sea levels and increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. The government has prioritized climate change adaptation and mitigation measures, such as the development of renewable energy sources and the implementation of coastal protection measures.

Overall, Brunei recognizes the importance of preserving its natural environment and has taken steps to address environmental challenges while also promoting sustainable development.

HUMAN RIGHTS

Brunei has been criticized by human rights organizations for its laws and policies that violate human rights, particularly in regards to freedom of expression, religion, and sexuality. The country is an absolute monarchy, and the Sultan has complete control over the government and the judiciary.

One of the most controversial issues is Brunei’s adoption of Sharia law, which includes harsh penalties such as amputation and death by stoning for crimes such as theft and adultery. The implementation of these laws has been criticized by the international community as well as human rights organizations.

Brunei is also known for its anti-LGBTQ+ laws, which criminalize homosexuality and other forms of same-sex relationships. Human rights organizations have condemned these laws as a violation of the rights of the LGBTQ+ community.

Furthermore, Brunei’s restrictions on freedom of expression and assembly have been criticized by human rights organizations, who argue that these laws limit the ability of citizens to express their opinions and engage in peaceful protests.

Overall, while Brunei has made some efforts to improve its human rights record in recent years, there is still significant work to be done to ensure that all citizens are able to enjoy their basic human rights and freedoms.

FOODS

Brunei’s cuisine is a fusion of Malay, Chinese, and Indian influences. One of the most popular dishes is Ambuyat, a sticky and starchy dish made from sago flour that is usually eaten with a spicy dipping sauce. Nasi Katok, a dish of rice and fried chicken, is also a popular street food. Other dishes include satay, which is grilled meat skewers, and curry dishes such as beef rendang and chicken curry.

Seafood is also a popular choice in Brunei due to its proximity to the ocean. Crabs, prawns, and fish are commonly eaten, and one of the most famous dishes is the Brunei-style fish curry. The use of spices such as turmeric, ginger, and lemongrass is prevalent in Brunei’s cuisine.

In addition to traditional dishes, Brunei also has a range of international restaurants offering Chinese, Thai, and Western cuisine. Fast food chains like McDonald’s and KFC can also be found in Brunei’s larger cities.

TRAVEL DESTINATIONS

Brunei has a number of travel destinations that showcase its unique culture and natural beauty. One of the most popular destinations is the capital city, Bandar Seri Begawan, which is home to the impressive Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque, the Royal Regalia Museum, and the bustling Gadong Night Market.

Outside the city, visitors can explore the pristine rainforests of Ulu Temburong National Park, where they can go trekking, canopy walking, and river cruising. The park is home to a diverse range of flora and fauna, including endangered species such as the proboscis monkey and the rhinoceros hornbill.

Another popular destination is the Kampong Ayer water village, a unique settlement built on stilts over the Brunei River. Visitors can take boat tours of the village and learn about the daily lives of the local residents.

For beach lovers, Brunei has several stunning beaches, such as Muara Beach and Serasa Beach, where visitors can swim, sunbathe, and enjoy a range of water sports. Other attractions include the Tamu Kianggeh Market, the Malay Technology Museum, and the Tasek Lama Recreational Park.

Overall, Brunei offers a diverse range of travel destinations that showcase its rich culture, stunning natural beauty, and unique way of life.

CELEBRITIES

Brunei has produced several notable personalities in various fields, including entertainment, sports, and politics. Here are some of the well-known celebrities from Brunei:

• Pengiran Anak Sarah – She is the daughter of the current Sultan of Brunei and is well-known for her philanthropic work in the country.
• Wu Chun – Born in Brunei, Wu Chun is a popular actor, singer, and model in Taiwan. He has acted in numerous television dramas and movies, and is also the co-founder of a fitness center chain.
• Faiq Bolkiah – He is a professional footballer who plays for the Brunei national team as well as Leicester City’s U23 team.
• Maria Grace Koh – She is a renowned pianist who has performed in various countries and has won several international competitions.
• Qai Qai – Although not a human celebrity, Qai Qai is a popular toy doll created by Serena Williams’ husband, Alexis Ohanian. The doll is inspired by their daughter, who has Bruneian heritage, and has gained a large following on social media.

These are just a few examples of the many talented individuals from Brunei who have made their mark on the world.

NEWSPAPERS

Brunei has a few English-language newspapers, including Borneo Bulletin, which is the country’s main English-language daily newspaper, and Brunei Times, which was the country’s second daily newspaper but ceased operations in 2016. Other newspapers in Brunei include Pelita Brunei, which is published in Malay, and Media Permata, which is published in Malay and English. Additionally, there are several online news sources and blogs that cover news and events in Brunei, including The Scoop, The Brunei Times Online, and Brunei News.

TV CHANNELS

In Brunei, there are a few TV channels that operate under Radio Televisyen Brunei (RTB), which is the state-owned broadcasting network. RTB operates four channels: RTB Perdana, which offers local and international entertainment, news, and sports programming; RTB Aneka, which broadcasts cultural and educational programming in Malay; RTB Sukmaindera, which features programming aimed at children; and RTB 5, which broadcasts religious content, including the Quranic recitation, lectures, and religious talk shows. In addition to RTB, there are also satellite and cable TV providers that offer international channels, such as Astro and Kristal Astro, which offer a range of channels from different countries.

RADIO

Radio Television Brunei (RTB) is the main radio broadcaster in Brunei, operating several radio channels including Nasional FM, Pilihan FM, Harmoni FM, and Pelangi FM. Nasional FM broadcasts news, current affairs, and cultural programs, while Pilihan FM plays music and entertainment shows. Harmoni FM focuses on youth and lifestyle programs, while Pelangi FM broadcasts Malay and international songs.

In addition to RTB, there are also several private radio stations in Brunei, such as Kristal FM and Pelangi FM. These stations also play music and entertainment shows, catering to different audiences.

FACTS

Here are some facts about Brunei.