Mongolia is a landlocked country located in East and Central Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east, and west. It has a population of approximately 3.3 million people, making it one of the least densely populated countries in the world.

The capital and largest city is Ulaanbaatar, which is home to nearly half of the country’s population. Mongolia has a rich history, with ancient empires and nomadic cultures shaping its development over time. The country is known for its vast landscapes, including the Gobi Desert and the grassy steppes, which are home to traditional nomadic herders and their livestock.

Mongolia’s economy is largely based on mining, with coal, copper, and gold being some of the most important resources. The country is also a major producer of cashmere wool, and has a growing tourism industry based on its unique cultural and natural attractions.

Politically, Mongolia is a parliamentary republic, with a president as the head of state and a prime minister as the head of government. The country has a mixed record on human rights, with some concerns regarding freedom of expression and assembly, as well as corruption and the treatment of minorities.

Mongolia has a rich cultural heritage, with traditional music, dance, and art being important aspects of the country’s identity. The Naadam festival, which takes place annually in July, is a major cultural event featuring traditional sports such as horse racing, wrestling, and archery. Buddhism is also an important part of Mongolian culture, with many monasteries and temples located throughout the country.

ABOUT

Mongolia is a landlocked country located in East Asia, sharing borders with Russia to the north and China to the south. The country covers an area of 1,564,116 square kilometers (603,909 square miles) and has a population of approximately 3.3 million people, making it the world’s most sparsely populated sovereign nation. Although it is the world’s largest landlocked country without access to a closed sea, much of its territory is covered by grassy steppe, with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south. The capital and largest city of Mongolia is Ulaanbaatar, home to about half of the country’s population.

The history of Mongolia is rich and diverse, with various nomadic empires ruling over the land. Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire in 1206, which became the largest contiguous land empire in history. His grandson, Kublai Khan, conquered China and established the Yuan dynasty. After the collapse of the Yuan, the Mongols retreated to Mongolia and resumed their earlier pattern of factional conflict, except during the era of Dayan Khan and Tumen Zasagt Khan. In the 16th century, Tibetan Buddhism spread to Mongolia and was further led by the Manchu-founded Qing dynasty, which absorbed the country in the 17th century. In the early 20th century, almost one-third of the adult male population were Buddhist monks. Mongolia declared independence after the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911 and achieved actual independence from the Republic of China in 1921. Shortly thereafter, the country became a satellite state of the Soviet Union, which had aided its independence from China. In 1924, the Mongolian People’s Republic was founded as a socialist state. After the anti-communist revolutions of 1989, Mongolia conducted its own peaceful democratic revolution in early 1990, leading to a multi-party system, a new constitution of 1992, and a transition to a market economy.

Approximately 30% of Mongolia’s population is nomadic or semi-nomadic, and horse culture remains integral to the country’s identity. Buddhism is the majority religion, accounting for 51.7% of the population, while the nonreligious make up the second-largest group at 40.6%. Islam is the third-largest religious identification, with a concentration among ethnic Kazakhs. The vast majority of Mongolian citizens are ethnic Mongols, with around 5% of the population consisting of Kazakhs, Tuvans, and other ethnic minorities, who are especially concentrated in the west. Mongolia is a member of various international organizations, including the United Nations, Asia Cooperation Dialogue, G77, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, Non-Aligned Movement, and a NATO global partner. Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization in 1997 and seeks to expand its participation in regional economic and trade groups.

NAME AND ETYMOLOGY

The Latin meaning of the name Mongolia is “Land of the Mongols”. The origin of the Mongolian word “Mongol” (монгол) is uncertain and has been attributed to various sources, such as the name of a mountain or river, a corruption of the Mongolian “Mongkhe-tengri-gal” meaning “Eternal Sky Fire”, or a derivation from Mugulü, the 4th-century founder of the Rouran Khaganate, first recorded as “Mungu”. After the fall of the Liao in 1125, the Khamag Mongols became a dominant tribe on the Mongolian Plateau, but their wars with the Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty and the Tatar confederation weakened them. The last head of the tribe was Yesügei, whose son Temüjin eventually united all the Shiwei tribes as the Mongol Empire (Yekhe Monggol Ulus). The word Mongol evolved into an umbrella term for a large group of Mongolic-speaking tribes united under the rule of Genghis Khan in the 13th century. Since the adoption of the new Constitution of Mongolia on 13 February 1992, the official name of the state is “Mongolia” (Mongol Uls).

HISTORY

Mongolia has a rich history spanning back to ancient times. The territory of modern-day Mongolia has been inhabited by various nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Rouran, and the First Turkic Khaganate, among others. In 1206, Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous land empire in history. Under his leadership, the Mongol army conquered vast territories, including parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Asia.

After Genghis Khan’s death, the empire was divided among his four sons, with his third son, Ögedei Khan, becoming the new Great Khan. The Mongol Empire continued to expand under his rule and that of his successors, including his grandson Kublai Khan, who conquered China proper and established the Yuan dynasty.

After the collapse of the Yuan dynasty, the Mongols retreated to Mongolia and resumed their earlier pattern of factional conflict, except during the era of Dayan Khan and Tumen Zasagt Khan. In the 16th century, Tibetan Buddhism spread to Mongolia, being further led by the Manchu-founded Qing dynasty, which absorbed the country in the 17th century.

By the early 20th century, almost one-third of the adult male population were Buddhist monks. After the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Mongolia declared independence and achieved actual independence from the Republic of China in 1921. Shortly thereafter, the country became a satellite state of the Soviet Union, which had aided its independence from China. In 1924, the Mongolian People’s Republic was founded as a socialist state.

After the anti-communist revolutions of 1989, Mongolia conducted its own peaceful democratic revolution in early 1990. This led to a multi-party system, a new constitution of 1992, and transition to a market economy.

GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

Mongolia is a parliamentary republic with a president as the head of state and a prime minister as the head of government. The president is elected by popular vote for a four-year term and serves as a ceremonial figurehead with limited powers. The prime minister is appointed by the president with the approval of the State Great Khural (parliament), and is responsible for running the government and implementing policies.

The State Great Khural is a unicameral parliament with 76 members who are elected for a four-year term. The parliament is responsible for making and amending laws, approving the national budget, and overseeing the government. The ruling party or coalition usually controls a majority of seats in the parliament, and the prime minister is typically the leader of the majority party.

Mongolia has a multi-party system, with the largest parties being the Mongolian People’s Party (MPP) and the Democratic Party (DP). Other parties include the Mongolian Green Party, the Civil Will-Green Party, and the National Labor Party.

Mongolia has been transitioning to a more democratic system since the early 1990s, after the fall of communism in the country. However, corruption and political instability remain significant challenges in the country’s political landscape.

ECONOMY

Mongolia has a developing market economy with vast mineral resources such as copper, coal, and gold, as well as agriculture and livestock production. In recent years, the country has experienced rapid economic growth, averaging around 7% GDP growth from 2011 to 2014. However, its economy is still heavily dependent on mineral exports, making it vulnerable to fluctuations in global commodity prices.

Mongolia is a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and has been seeking to diversify its economy and expand trade ties with other countries. Its major trading partners include China, Russia, and the European Union. The country has also been making efforts to improve its business environment and attract foreign investment, including the establishment of a “one-stop-shop” for business registration and investment promotion.

Agriculture and livestock production remain an important part of the economy, accounting for around 12% of GDP and employing around 30% of the population. The country has a large number of nomadic herders who raise livestock such as sheep, goats, horses, and camels.

In recent years, the government has been working to promote the development of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), with a focus on industries such as tourism, IT, and renewable energy. The country has also been investing in infrastructure projects, such as the construction of new highways and railway lines, to improve connectivity within the country and with neighboring countries.

Despite these efforts, Mongolia still faces economic challenges such as a large trade deficit, high levels of government debt, and a lack of economic diversification. The government has been working to address these issues through measures such as fiscal consolidation, increased transparency in the management of public finances, and the promotion of non-mining sectors of the economy.

GEOGRAPHY

Mongolia is a landlocked country located in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east, and west. With an area of 1,564,116 square kilometers (603,909 square miles), it is the world’s 18th largest country in terms of area. Mongolia is also the world’s largest landlocked country that does not border a closed sea. The capital and largest city is Ulaanbaatar, which is located in the north-central part of the country.

The landscape of Mongolia is characterized by vast expanses of grassy steppe, with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south. The highest point in Mongolia is the Khüiten Peak in the Altai Mountains, which stands at an elevation of 4,374 meters (14,350 feet). The country is also home to several large lakes, including Lake Hovsgol, which is one of the world’s 17 ancient lakes and holds around 70% of Mongolia’s fresh water.

The climate in Mongolia is largely continental, with long and cold winters and short, cool summers. The average temperature in Ulaanbaatar ranges from -23°C (-9°F) in January to 18°C (64°F) in July. The country is also prone to natural disasters such as earthquakes, droughts, and sandstorms.

Mongolia has several important rivers, including the Orkhon, Selenge, and Tuul. These rivers are important sources of water for the country’s people and animals, and are also used for hydroelectric power generation.

In terms of wildlife, Mongolia is home to a diverse array of species, including the Siberian tiger, snow leopard, wild camel, and two-humped Bactrian camel. The country is also home to many endemic species of flora and fauna.

Overall, Mongolia’s unique geography has played a significant role in shaping the country’s history, culture, and economy.

TRANSPORT

Transportation in Mongolia is primarily focused on road and air transport. Due to the country’s vast size and sparse population, many rural areas have limited access to transportation infrastructure.

Roads: The road network in Mongolia is relatively underdeveloped, with only around 30% of the country’s roads being paved. The main highway is the Trans-Mongolian Highway, which connects the capital city of Ulaanbaatar to Russia and China. Other important highways include the Western Mongolian Highway and the Northern Mongolian Highway.

Rail: The Trans-Mongolian Railway runs through Mongolia, connecting Moscow in Russia with Beijing in China, passing through Ulaanbaatar. Mongolia has a total of 1,810 km (1,125 mi) of railway lines, with the main line being the Trans-Mongolian Railway.

Air: The primary international airport in Mongolia is the Chinggis Khaan International Airport in Ulaanbaatar. There are also several domestic airports throughout the country, with regular flights to major cities such as Darkhan, Erdenet, and Choibalsan.

Public Transportation: In Ulaanbaatar, the main form of public transportation is buses, with several routes throughout the city. There is also a trolleybus system, although it has fallen into disrepair in recent years. Taxis and ride-sharing services such as Uber and Bolt are also available.

Other forms of transportation: Horse riding and camel riding are still common forms of transportation in rural areas, particularly for nomadic herders. Additionally, there are some waterways in Mongolia, such as Lake Khövsgöl and the Selenge River, which are used for the transportation of goods and people by boat.

INDUSTRY SECTORS

Mongolia’s economy is heavily dependent on its natural resources, with mining being the most important industry sector. Other significant industries include agriculture, construction, and tourism.

• Mining: Mongolia is rich in mineral resources, including copper, gold, coal, uranium, and rare earth elements. The mining industry accounts for around 20% of Mongolia’s GDP and more than 80% of its exports. The country has significant deposits of copper and gold in the Gobi Desert, while the Oyu Tolgoi copper and gold mine is one of the world’s largest.
• Agriculture: Mongolia’s traditional livestock-based agriculture sector remains important, accounting for around 10% of GDP and supporting the livelihoods of many rural Mongolians. Livestock includes sheep, goats, horses, cattle, and camels. Cashmere, meat, and wool are the main products of the sector.
• Construction: The construction sector is growing rapidly in Mongolia, driven by the country’s infrastructure development and urbanization. The sector has been boosted by foreign investment in the construction of hotels, shopping centers, and office buildings.
• Tourism: Mongolia’s natural beauty and rich cultural heritage make it an attractive destination for tourists. The tourism industry is still in its early stages of development, but it has great potential to become a major source of revenue for the country. Popular tourist attractions include the Gobi Desert, Lake Khuvsgul, and the ancient capital city of Karakorum.
• Manufacturing: Manufacturing is a relatively small sector in Mongolia, accounting for around 5% of GDP. The sector is dominated by food processing, textile, and leather industries. However, the government has identified manufacturing as a priority sector and is taking steps to promote its development.
• Energy: Mongolia has significant potential for renewable energy, particularly wind and solar. The country is looking to reduce its dependence on coal, which currently accounts for around 90% of its energy consumption. The government is working to attract investment in renewable energy projects, and has set a target of generating 20% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2023.

Overall, Mongolia’s economy remains heavily dependent on its natural resources, particularly mining. The government is working to diversify the economy and develop other sectors, such as tourism and manufacturing, to reduce its reliance on mining and increase its resilience to external shocks.

DEMOGRAPHICS

Mongolia has a population of approximately 3.2 million people as of 2021, with a population density of 2.1 people per square kilometer. The population is predominantly Mongolian, with approximately 94.9% of the population identifying as Mongolian. Other ethnic groups in Mongolia include Kazakhs, Chinese, and Russians. The majority of the population is concentrated in urban areas, with Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, accounting for more than half of the country’s total population.

Mongolia has a relatively young population, with a median age of 28.9 years. The birth rate in Mongolia is higher than the death rate, and the population growth rate is approximately 1.49%. Life expectancy in Mongolia is 71.6 years, with men having a lower life expectancy than women.

The literacy rate in Mongolia is high, with an estimated 97.5% of the population being literate. Education is highly valued in Mongolia, and the government has made significant efforts to improve the education system in the country. The education system consists of primary, secondary, and tertiary education, with primary education being compulsory for all children.

Religion in Mongolia is diverse, with Buddhism, Shamanism, and Islam being the major religions. Approximately 53% of the population identifies as Buddhist, while 3% identify as Muslim. Shamanism is also widely practiced, particularly in rural areas, and is often practiced in combination with Buddhism.

Mongolia has a relatively low population density, with most of the population concentrated in urban areas. The country has a largely homogenous population, with the vast majority of the population identifying as Mongolian. The population is relatively young, with a high birth rate and a growing population. Education is highly valued in Mongolia, and the country has a high literacy rate.

EDUCATION

Education in Mongolia has a long history, dating back to the time of the Mongol Empire. In modern times, Mongolia has made significant progress in expanding access to education and improving its quality. Here are some details about education in Mongolia:

• Structure of Education System: The education system in Mongolia is structured into three levels: primary education, secondary education, and tertiary education. Primary education includes grades 1 to 4, while secondary education includes grades 5 to 12. Tertiary education includes vocational schools, colleges, and universities.
• Literacy Rate: The literacy rate in Mongolia is over 98 percent, one of the highest in Asia. The government has made efforts to provide universal access to primary education, and the enrollment rate for primary education is close to 100 percent.
• Medium of Instruction: The medium of instruction in Mongolia is Mongolian. However, English language proficiency is also emphasized in schools, and English is taught as a second language in secondary schools.
• Curriculum: The curriculum in Mongolia is designed to provide a well-rounded education. In addition to core subjects like math, science, and language, the curriculum includes subjects like physical education, music, and art.
• Private Education: Private education is also available in Mongolia. Private schools are not subsidized by the government, and they usually charge tuition fees. However, private schools are generally considered to provide a higher quality of education than public schools.
• Tertiary Education: Mongolia has several universities and colleges, both public and private. The most prestigious university is the National University of Mongolia, which is located in Ulaanbaatar. Other notable universities include the Mongolian University of Science and Technology, the Mongolian State University of Education, and the Mongolian University of Medical Sciences.
• Technical and Vocational Education: Technical and vocational education is also available in Mongolia. The government has established vocational training centers to provide training in a variety of fields, including construction, agriculture, and hospitality.
• Challenges: Despite progress in expanding access to education, Mongolia faces some challenges in improving the quality of education. Some of the challenges include a shortage of qualified teachers, outdated teaching methods, and a lack of resources.

Overall, education is an important priority for the Mongolian government, and efforts are being made to improve the quality of education and expand access to education for all Mongolians.

HEALTHCARE

Healthcare in Mongolia is provided by a combination of public and private healthcare services. While the healthcare system has undergone significant improvements in recent years, there are still challenges in providing quality healthcare to all citizens, particularly those living in rural and remote areas.

The Ministry of Health oversees the healthcare system in Mongolia, with the aim of improving access to healthcare services, reducing mortality rates, and improving the health status of the population. The ministry is responsible for developing healthcare policies, setting healthcare standards, and overseeing the implementation of healthcare programs across the country.

Public healthcare services are provided through a network of hospitals, clinics, and health centers across the country. These services are provided free of charge to all citizens, although there may be fees for certain procedures or medications. Private healthcare services are also available, but these services are generally more expensive and may not be accessible to all citizens.

There are several challenges facing the healthcare system in Mongolia. One of the main challenges is the shortage of healthcare professionals, particularly in rural areas. There is also a lack of funding for healthcare services, which limits the availability of essential equipment and medications.

Despite these challenges, there have been significant improvements in the healthcare system in Mongolia in recent years. The government has increased its investment in healthcare, and there has been a focus on improving healthcare infrastructure, particularly in rural areas. In addition, there have been efforts to improve healthcare education and training, with the aim of increasing the number of healthcare professionals in the country.

Overall, while there are still challenges to be addressed, the healthcare system in Mongolia is improving and is providing essential services to the population.

CULTURE

Mongolia has a rich and unique culture that reflects its nomadic history and traditions. The country has a population of around 3 million people, and around 30% of them live in the capital city of Ulaanbaatar. The majority of Mongolians follow Tibetan Buddhism, and this religion has a significant impact on their culture and way of life.

One of the most prominent cultural symbols of Mongolia is the traditional yurt, or ger, which is a circular tent made of felt and wooden poles. This portable dwelling has been used by nomads for thousands of years and is still a common sight in the countryside today.

Mongolian music and dance are also important elements of the country’s culture. Traditional music often features the morin khuur, or horsehead fiddle, and khoomei, or throat singing. Mongolian dance includes the popular eagle dance, which mimics the movements of an eagle, and the tsam dance, which is performed during religious ceremonies.

The country’s cuisine is influenced by its nomadic lifestyle and the harsh climate. Traditional Mongolian dishes often feature meat, particularly beef and mutton, and dairy products like milk, yogurt, and cheese. One famous Mongolian dish is the khorkhog, which is a stew made with meat and vegetables cooked in a metal pot with hot stones.

Mongolia also has a long and proud history of horsemanship, with many people still relying on horses for transportation and herding. Horse racing is a popular sport in the country, and the annual Naadam festival includes a horse race that covers up to 30 kilometers.

In terms of art, Mongolia is well known for its traditional crafts such as embroidery, painting, and woodcarving. These crafts often feature motifs inspired by nature and religion.

Overall, Mongolia’s culture is a vibrant and unique blend of ancient traditions and modern influences. Its people take pride in their heritage and are working to preserve and promote their cultural identity in the face of rapid social and economic change.

NATURAL RESOURCES

Mongolia is rich in natural resources, including minerals, energy resources, and arable land. The country is known for its large deposits of copper, gold, coal, and uranium, among other minerals. The mining sector is a major contributor to the Mongolian economy, accounting for a significant portion of the country’s GDP.

Mongolia is also known for its vast grasslands, which are used for grazing livestock. The country has a large population of horses, sheep, goats, and cattle, which provide meat, milk, and wool for domestic use and export.

In addition to minerals and livestock, Mongolia also has significant energy resources, including coal and oil. The country has several large coal mines, which provide fuel for domestic use and export. Mongolia also has potential for wind and solar power, as well as geothermal energy.

Forests cover around 10% of the country, with the majority located in the northern and central regions. The forests are a valuable source of timber and other forest products.

Finally, Mongolia has significant water resources, including rivers, lakes, and groundwater. The country’s rivers provide water for irrigation, hydroelectric power, and other uses. Lake Khövsgöl in northern Mongolia is one of the largest freshwater lakes in the world and is a major tourist attraction.

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

Mongolia faces a number of environmental issues, many of which are the result of industrialization and human activity. Here are some of the key environmental challenges facing Mongolia:

• Desertification: Mongolia is a landlocked country, and much of its land is covered by deserts and semi-arid grasslands. However, overgrazing and deforestation have caused desertification, which is the process by which fertile land becomes desert. This has led to the loss of grazing land and the displacement of nomadic herders.
• Air Pollution: Ulaanbaatar, the capital city of Mongolia, suffers from some of the worst air pollution in the world, especially during winter months. The main sources of pollution are coal burning for heat and electricity, industrial emissions, and vehicle exhaust. The poor air quality in Ulaanbaatar has serious health consequences, especially for children and the elderly.
• Water Pollution: Mongolia’s rivers and lakes are a valuable source of water for the population and for agriculture, but they are also being polluted by industrial and mining activities. Mining operations generate toxic waste that can seep into the water supply, while industrial activities can also pollute rivers and lakes with chemical runoff.
• Deforestation: Mongolia’s forests are being depleted at an alarming rate, partly due to the demand for timber and fuel, but also due to climate change. As temperatures rise and rainfall patterns change, forests are becoming more susceptible to wildfires, which can destroy large areas of forest in a short period of time.
• Climate Change: Mongolia is one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change, with rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns affecting both the environment and human activity. Climate change is contributing to the desertification of grasslands, as well as the melting of permafrost, which can destabilize infrastructure and buildings.

Efforts are being made to address these environmental challenges. For example, the government of Mongolia has launched a program to promote sustainable land management practices, and is also working to reduce the country’s reliance on coal. However, much more needs to be done to protect Mongolia’s environment and ensure a sustainable future for the country.

HUMAN RIGHTS

Mongolia has made some progress in protecting human rights, including the adoption of a new constitution in 1992 that guarantees many fundamental rights and freedoms. However, there are still concerns about the country’s human rights situation.

One area of concern is freedom of the press. While Mongolia has a relatively free and diverse media environment, journalists are occasionally subject to harassment, intimidation, and violence. In some cases, journalists have been sued or imprisoned in retaliation for their reporting.

There are also concerns about discrimination against certain groups, including women, ethnic minorities, and LGBT individuals. Domestic violence and sexual harassment are also serious issues in Mongolia.

In recent years, there have been some positive developments in the protection of LGBT rights. In 2017, the Mongolian government passed a law prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, and a small but vocal LGBT community has emerged in the country.

Another area of concern is the treatment of prisoners and detainees. Reports have surfaced of harsh conditions and mistreatment in Mongolian prisons and detention centers.

Overall, while Mongolia has taken some steps to protect human rights, there is still work to be done to ensure that all individuals are able to exercise their fundamental rights and freedoms without fear of discrimination or retaliation.

FOODS

Mongolian cuisine is known for its hearty, meat-heavy dishes, often cooked in traditional ways such as over an open fire or in a clay oven. The most popular meat is mutton, which is used in a variety of dishes such as buuz (steamed dumplings), khuushuur (fried dumplings), and khorkhog (a traditional Mongolian barbecue dish).

Other meats commonly used in Mongolian cuisine include beef, yak, and horse meat. Dairy products such as milk, cheese, and yogurt are also important components of the diet, as are vegetables like potatoes, carrots, onions, and cabbage.

One of the most famous Mongolian dishes is called “boodog”, which involves cooking a whole goat or sheep by stuffing it with hot stones and herbs and then sealing it with the animal’s skin. The heat from the stones cooks the meat, creating a succulent, flavorful dish.

Another popular Mongolian dish is “tsuivan”, which is a noodle dish made with either mutton or beef, along with onions, carrots, and cabbage. The noodles are typically hand-pulled and the dish is often served with a side of pickles.

In addition to traditional Mongolian cuisine, there are also many Chinese and Russian influences in the country’s food culture. Chinese-style noodles and dumplings are widely available, as are Russian-style pastries and baked goods.

Beverages in Mongolia include traditional fermented milk products like airag (fermented mare’s milk) and suutei tsai (a type of tea made with milk, salt, and water). Tea and coffee are also popular, as are local alcoholic drinks like arak (a type of vodka) and beer.

TRAVEL DESTINATIONS

Mongolia has a rich cultural and natural heritage, and there are many destinations that attract visitors. Some of the top travel destinations in Mongolia include:

• Ulaanbaatar: Mongolia’s capital city is a bustling metropolis with a rich history and culture. Visitors can explore museums, palaces, temples, and other landmarks, as well as enjoy modern amenities like shopping centers and restaurants.
• Khovsgol Lake: Often called Mongolia’s “Blue Pearl,” this pristine lake is one of the country’s top natural attractions. Surrounded by forests and mountains, it offers opportunities for fishing, hiking, and wildlife watching.
• Gobi Desert: This vast desert in southern Mongolia is home to unique landscapes and wildlife, including sand dunes, rocky outcrops, and rare species like the Bactrian camel and Gobi bear.
• Khustain Nuruu National Park: This protected area is home to the endangered Przewalski’s horse, as well as other wildlife like marmots, wolves, and eagles. Visitors can stay in traditional Mongolian gers (yurts) and explore the park on horseback.
• Erdene Zuu Monastery: Located in the historic city of Karakorum, this ancient Buddhist monastery is one of the country’s most important cultural sites. Visitors can tour the temple complex and learn about Mongolia’s religious traditions.
• Terelj National Park: Just outside of Ulaanbaatar, this park offers stunning landscapes, including rock formations, river valleys, and forests. Visitors can stay in gers and explore the park on foot, horseback, or mountain bike.
• Orkhon Valley: This scenic valley is home to several important historical and cultural sites, including the ruins of Karakorum and the ancient capital of the Mongol Empire. Visitors can also enjoy hiking, camping, and horseback riding in the area.
• Amarbayasgalant Monastery: This beautiful monastery in northern Mongolia is considered one of the country’s most important religious sites. Built in the 18th century, it features stunning architecture and artwork.
• Flaming Cliffs: This unique rock formation in the Gobi Desert is known for its vibrant red and orange hues, especially at sunrise and sunset. Visitors can also search for dinosaur fossils in the area.
• Bayanzag: Also known as the “singing sands,” this area in the Gobi Desert features sand dunes that emit a humming sound when the wind blows. It is also home to unique rock formations and wildlife like the Gobi bear and saxaul tree.

CELEBRITIES

Mongolia may not be as widely known for its celebrities as some other countries, but there are still a number of notable figures in various fields who have gained recognition both within Mongolia and internationally. Here are a few examples:

• Tserenpuntsag “Tsagaan Suvarga” Purevdorj – A well-known singer in Mongolia, Tsagaan Suvarga’s music is characterized by its fusion of traditional Mongolian and modern pop styles. She has released several albums and has also performed in other countries.
• Gombojavyn Oyunchimeg – A professional sumo wrestler from Mongolia who goes by the ring name Hakuho Sho. He is considered one of the greatest sumo wrestlers of all time and has won numerous tournaments and awards.
• Dashdorj Tserenbold – Also known as “Magic Mongolia”, Dashdorj is a professional magician who has performed in many countries around the world. He has also appeared on various TV shows and has won multiple awards for his magic performances.
• Byambajav Ulambayar – A former professional wrestler who competed in the WWE under the ring name “Byamba”. He was known for his impressive size and strength, and was also a successful sumo wrestler before transitioning to pro wrestling.
• Ariunbold Altankhuum – A well-known contemporary artist from Mongolia, Ariunbold’s work has been exhibited in galleries and museums around the world. His style combines traditional Mongolian elements with modern influences and techniques.
• Otgonbayar Ershuu – A master of Mongolian traditional painting, Otgonbayar’s work is highly sought after both within Mongolia and internationally. His paintings often depict scenes from traditional Mongolian life and culture, and he has won numerous awards for his art.

These are just a few examples of the many talented and accomplished people from Mongolia.

NEWSPAPERS

There are several newspapers in Mongolia, both in print and online. Some of the major newspapers include:

• The UB Post: The oldest English-language newspaper in Mongolia, The UB Post covers local and international news, business, politics, and culture.
• The Mongol Messenger: Another English-language newspaper, The Mongol Messenger focuses on news and events in Mongolia and is aimed at tourists and expatriates.
• Unuudur: A Mongolian-language daily newspaper, Unuudur covers politics, economics, sports, and culture.
• Zuunii Medee: Another Mongolian-language daily newspaper, Zuunii Medee is known for its in-depth coverage of political and social issues.
• Montsame News Agency: The official state news agency of Mongolia, Montsame provides news and information about Mongolia to the rest of the world.
• Medee.mn: One of the most popular online news portals in Mongolia, Medee.mn covers a wide range of topics, including politics, business, sports, and entertainment.
• News.mn: Another popular online news portal, News.mn provides up-to-date news and information about Mongolia and the world.

These are just a few examples of the many newspapers and news sources available in Mongolia, reflecting the country’s diverse media landscape.

TV CHANNELS

Some of the popular TV channels in Mongolia are:

• Mongolian National Broadcaster (MNB) – This is the national public broadcaster of Mongolia and it operates two television channels, MNB and MNB World.
• Eagle TV – This is a private television channel that broadcasts news, entertainment, and educational programs in both Mongolian and English.
• TV9 – This is another private television channel that broadcasts news, entertainment, and educational programs in Mongolian.
• TV5 – This is a commercial television channel that broadcasts news, entertainment, and educational programs in Mongolian.
• Edu TV – This is an educational television channel that provides educational programs for children and teenagers.
• SBN – This is a Christian television channel that broadcasts religious and family-friendly programs in Mongolian.
• NTV – This is a news and current affairs television channel that broadcasts news programs in Mongolian.
• TV8 – This is a commercial television channel that broadcasts entertainment and lifestyle programs in Mongolian.
• C1 TV – This is a private television channel that broadcasts news and current affairs programs in Mongolian.
• Shuud TV – This is an online television channel that streams Mongolian dramas and movies.

RADIO

Mongolia has a variety of radio stations that broadcast in both FM and AM frequencies. The state-run broadcaster, Mongolian National Broadcaster (MNB), operates multiple channels, including two national networks, Radio Mongolia and “UBS” FM Radio, which broadcasts in both English and Mongolian.

In addition to the state broadcaster, there are several private radio stations operating in the country, such as the popular commercial station, “Magic FM,” which features a mix of music and talk shows. Other private radio stations include “Edutainment FM,” which focuses on educational and informative programming, and “Top Radio,” which plays contemporary music.

There are also several communities and rural radio stations that serve specific regions or populations, such as “Radio Selena,” which serves the Mongolian Korean community, and “Radio Altai,” which broadcasts to the Kazakh population in western Mongolia.

Overall, radio remains an important source of news and entertainment for many people in Mongolia, particularly in rural areas where access to television and the internet may be limited.

FACTS

Here are some facts about Mongolia:

• Mongolia is the world’s second-largest landlocked country after Kazakhstan.
• The capital of Mongolia is Ulaanbaatar, which is also the country’s largest city.
• The official language of Mongolia is Mongolian.
• The currency of Mongolia is the Tögrög.
• Mongolia is known for its vast and beautiful landscapes, including the Gobi Desert and the Altai Mountains.
• Mongolia has a population of around 3 million people.
• The traditional Mongolian dwelling is called a yurt or ger.
• Mongolia has a rich history and was once the largest land empire in the world under Genghis Khan.
• Mongolia’s traditional diet is centered around meat and dairy products, with dishes like buuz (steamed dumplings) and khuushuur (fried dumplings).
• Mongolia is home to the endangered snow leopard.
• The Naadam festival, which includes horse racing, wrestling, and archery, is a major cultural event in Mongolia.
• The Mongolian script is written vertically from top to bottom and left to right.
• Mongolian wrestling is a traditional sport and is considered the national sport of Mongolia.
• The Trans-Siberian Railway passes through Mongolia, connecting Russia with China.
• The world’s oldest printing press, dating back to the 6th century, was found in Mongolia.
• Mongolia is the least densely populated country in the world, with only 2 people per square kilometer.
• The traditional Mongolian musical instrument is the morin khuur, or horsehead fiddle.
• The Mongolian language is part of the Altaic language family and is related to Turkish and Korean.
• The traditional Mongolian dress is called a deel and is made from silk or cotton.
• Mongolia has a harsh climate, with temperatures dropping as low as -40°C (-40°F) in the winter.
• Mongolia is rich in mineral resources, including coal, copper, and gold.
• The Flaming Cliffs in the Gobi Desert are famous for their dinosaur fossils.
• Mongolians celebrate their new year, or Tsagaan Sar, according to the lunar calendar.
• Buddhism is the most widely practiced religion in Mongolia, although shamanism and Christianity also have followers.
• Mongolia is a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
• The Mongolian national flag features a soyombo, which is a traditional symbol of the Mongolian people.
• Mongolia is one of the few countries in the world that has a triple land border with two other countries (China and Russia).
• The traditional Mongolian sport of falconry involves training birds of prey to hunt small animals like rabbits and foxes.
• The Oyu Tolgoi mine in Mongolia is one of the world’s largest copper and gold mines.
• Mongolia’s population is predominantly urban, with over 60% of the population living in cities and towns.